Review - Clause Types: Contrast, Purpose and Reason Clauses

Lesson Goal:

Learn to use contrast, purpose, and reason clauses accurately to connect ideas and express differences, intentions, and causes in speech and writing.

1. Warm-Up (3 min)

🗣️ Discuss:

1. Why do people learn English?

2. What do you do when you’re tired but still have work to finish?

3. Do you ever do something even though you don’t feel like it?

💬 Sample answers:

I learn English because I need it for work.
I keep studying even though I’m tired.
I go jogging so that I stay healthy.

🎯 Focus: We use different clauses to show contrast, purpose, and reason.

2. Presentation (8 min)

A. Contrast Clauses – show opposition or unexpected results

Common connectors:
although / though / even though / while / whereas / despite / in spite of

✅ Form:

Although / Even though + clause, result
Despite / In spite of + noun / -ing, result

💬 Examples:

Although it was raining, we went out.
Even though he’s young, he’s very responsible.
Despite being tired, she went to the gym.
While my brother is calm, I’m quite energetic.

🧠 Tip:

• “Although / even though” → followed by a subject + verb.

• “Despite / in spite of” → followed by a noun or -ing form.

B. Purpose Clauses – show intention or goal

Common connectors:
to / in order to / so as to / so that

✅ Form:

to / in order to / so as to + verb
so that + subject + can/will/could/would + verb

💬 Examples:

I study hard to pass my exams.
She left early in order to catch the train.
He whispered so that he wouldn’t wake the baby.

🧠 Tip:

• Use to / in order to / so as to with the same subject.

• Use so that when the subject changes.

C. Reason Clauses – explain causes

Common connectors:
because / since / as / due to / owing to

✅ Form:

because / since / as + clause
due to / owing to + noun / -ing

💬 Examples:

I stayed home because I was sick.
Since it’s raining, let’s stay inside.
The flight was delayed due to bad weather.

🧠 Tip:

• “Because” is the most direct.

• “Since” and “as” are more formal.

• “Due to” and “owing to” need a noun or -ing form, not a full clause.

3. Controlled Practice (5 min)

Choose the correct connector.

1. ______ I was tired, I finished the report.

2. He spoke quietly ______ he didn’t want to wake the baby.

3. ______ the heavy traffic, we arrived late.

4. She went to the shop ______ buy some milk.

5. ______ she’s very young, she’s extremely mature.

6. I took a taxi ______ I could get there faster.

7. ______ studying late, he passed the exam.

8. They left early ______ it started raining.

9. He trains every day ______ improve his fitness.

10. ______ the noise, I couldn’t concentrate.

✅ Answers + Explanations

1. Although – contrast between tiredness and action.

2. because – reason for speaking quietly.

3. Due to – cause + noun phrase (heavy traffic).

4. to – purpose, same subject.

5. Although – contrast between age and maturity.

6. so that – purpose, different subject implied.

7. Despite – contrast (Despite studying late…).

8. because – reason.

9. to – purpose.

10. Because of / Due to – reason with noun (the noise).

4. Transformation Practice (4 min)

Rewrite the sentences using the connector in brackets.

1. I went to bed early. I was very tired. (because)
   → ______________________

2. She took a taxi. She didn’t want to be late. (so that)
   → ______________________

3. He didn’t pass the exam. He studied hard. (although)
   → ______________________

4. I didn’t go out. It was raining heavily. (due to)
   → ______________________

5. She wears glasses. She can see better. (in order to)
   → ______________________

✅ Sample Answers

1. I went to bed early because I was very tired.

2. She took a taxi so that she wouldn’t be late.

3. He didn’t pass the exam although he studied hard.

4. I didn’t go out due to the heavy rain.

5. She wears glasses in order to see better.

5. Engaging Discussion (5 min)

🗣️ Answer naturally using contrast, purpose, or reason clauses:

1. What do you do even though you don’t want to?

2. Why do you study English?

3. What do you do so that you stay healthy?

4. Describe a time you did something difficult despite feeling nervous.

5. Have you ever missed something important because of traffic?

💬 Encourage full sentences:

I sometimes go jogging even though I’m tired.
I study English so that I can travel easily.
I stayed calm although I was scared.

6. Extra Discussion (3–4 min)

💬 Deeper prompts:

1. Do you think it’s important to keep trying even though things are hard?

2. What goals do you have so that your future will be successful?

3. Have you ever made a mistake because you were in a hurry?

🎯 Goal: Encourage emotional and reflective use of clause connectors.

7. Wrap-Up & Review (2 min)

🧾 Quick Recap

Clause TypeConnectorsExample

Contrast

although,

even though,

while,

despite

Although it rained, we went out.

Purpose

to,

in order to,

so that

He left early so that he could rest.

Reason

because,

since,

due to,

owing to

The match was cancelled because of the storm.

💬 Mini Challenge:
Say one sentence for each clause type about your day.

I stayed home because I was tired.
I went jogging so that I could relax.
I went out although it was cold.